2018年高考英语一轮复习知识点总结（一）

专题一　语法基础考点一　冠词不定冠词和定冠词一、不定冠词的用法1．泛指某个或某类人或物。
I was born in a small village in Shandong Province.A child needs not only food and clothes, but love as well.2．当抽象名词表示具体的人或事物时(即抽象名词具体化)，前面用不定冠词。
The party held last weekend was a great success.3．表示“一”或“每一”概念。
I go back home once a month.Tom drives his car at 60 miles an hour.4．表示不明身份或说话人不清楚的人或事物。
常译作“一个叫……的人/物”。
A Smith called you just now.5．不表示比较意义的形容词最高级前可用不定冠词。
Hiking is a most interesting outdoor activity.6．不表示顺序而是表示“又一，再一”的序数词前用不定冠词。
They have a second house in the country.7．knowledge/grasp/command/collection/understanding等一些由动词转化而来的抽象名词后接of...时，前面用不定冠词。
He has a good knowledge of English.Media help us to have a better understanding of the world.8．独一无二的事物前有修饰成分时可用不定冠词。
a full moon一轮满月　a brand­new world一个崭新的世界9．表示三餐、星期、月份、季节等的名词前有形容词修饰或表示特定含义时前用不定冠词。
I remember it was on a rainy Monday that he left his hometown.二、定冠词的用法1．特指双方都知道的或上文中提到的人或物。
What a pity that you couldn't be there to receive the prize!2．用在形容词或分词前，表一类人或物。
Many of the injured are still in a serious condition.3．用在姓氏名词的复数形式前，表示一家人或夫妇俩。
I paid a visit to the Turners last week.4．用在方位名词、乐器名词和宇宙中独一无二的事物前。
the east东部　play the piano弹钢琴the universe宇宙　the moon月亮5．用在序数词、比较级(两者相比较，表示特指的时候)、最高级和形容词only，very(恰好是)，same前。
It's the first time that I have been to China.Which story is the more interesting of the two?We were the only people there.6．用于固定结构“动词＋sb.＋介词＋the＋身体部位”中。
take sb. by the arm 拉着某人的胳膊hit sb. in the face/on the nose 打某人的脸/鼻子7．用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。
The foreigners who come to China all want to travel to the Great Wall.8．用在表示世纪、年代的词前。
The book was published in the 1980s.9．the用于表示时间或度量单位的名词前，如：by the hour/day/ week/month/year/dozen/yard/ton/kilo，但是size/weight/time这类名词跟by连用时不加冠词。
Workers are usually paid by the hour.These goods are sold by weight.定冠词用法口诀特指、熟悉和重提，复数姓氏、最高级；独一无二和年代，序数词、方位和乐器；普通名词专有化，固定结构要牢记。
零冠词及冠词的某些固定用法一、零冠词1．物质名词、抽象名词、专有名词、不可数名词、国名、人名前通常不用冠词。
By getting close to nature, you can really get refreshed.2．不可数名词、复数名词表泛指或类指时。
It isn't worthwhile spending so much time on minor problems.Bicycles are still a popular means of transport in China.3．名词前已有限定词时。
His car is much more expensive than mine.4．表示三餐、球类、棋类、学科、季节、年、月、星期等的名词前。
He has milk and bread for breakfast every day.Of all the subjects, I like physics best.Autumn is a harvest season.5．独一无二的头衔和职位名词作表语、补足语或同位语时。
Mr. Smith was elected president of our school.6．as/though引导的倒装结构中，如果名词放于句首，习惯上使用零冠词单数名词。
Boy as/though he is, Justine has traveled to quite a few countries.7．系动词turn后作表语的可数名词单数前。
Tom has turned (＝become a) professional player.8．表示交通方式的“by＋名词”中的名词前。
He goes to work every day by taxi.零冠词用法口诀代词限定名词前，专有名词不可数。
学科交通三餐饭，季节星期月份前。
棋类球类阶级前，称呼习语和头衔。
as/though倒装较特殊，零冠词用法要记全。
二、含有冠词的某些固定短语all of a sudden 突然give sb. a ride 让某人搭便车for a while 一会儿at an early age 在很小的时候as a result 结果take the place of sb. 代替某人in the way 挡路；妨碍make the most/best of充分利用by the way顺便说一下on the whole总的来说on the spot在现场at first 起初，一开始at present目前on purpose故意in advance提前一、用适当的冠词填空，不需要的画“/”。
1．We're trying to think of ________ way out to solve the problem, but it's quite difficult to find one.答案　a　该空泛指一种解决问题的方法，用不定冠词a。
2．As a teacher, Monica is ________ success, but as a singer, she is ________ failure.答案　a; a　句意：作为一位老师，莫妮卡是一个成功者，而作为一名歌手，她却是一个失败者。
抽象名词success和failure在此指具体的人或事物(即抽象名词具体化)，前面应加不定冠词a。
3．He went to hospital to attend his sick father three times ________ week.答案　a　句意：他每周三次去医院照顾他生病的父亲。
a在句中表示“每一；一”的概念。
4．Michael Kemeter, ________ Austrian climber, climbed a skyscraper in Changsha on September 15 this year.答案　an　句意：迈克尔·凯米特，一个奥地利的攀登者，于今年9月15日爬上了长沙的一座摩天大楼。
该空泛指一名攀登者，且Austrian的首字母发音为元音音素，故用不定冠词an。
5．All of ________ sudden some passengers on board let out screams, running upstairs like crazy.答案　a　句意：突然，一些在甲板上的乘客发出尖叫声，疯狂地跑上楼梯。
all of a sudden为固定短语，意为“突然”。
6．Of the two poems, I like the shorter one better. I think it's really ________ most interesting one.答案　a　该空泛指一首非常有趣的诗。
a most相当于a very，表示“非常”之意。
7．Exploring ________ space is exciting, yet dangerous.答案　/　space意为“太空”时是抽象名词，其前不用冠词。
8．She removed ________ hat she was wearing when talking to people.答案　the　hat被定语从句she was wearing所修饰，表示特指，所以用定冠词the。
9．With the world watching, Kate gave birth to a baby boy on ________ afternoon of July 22.答案　the　句意：在全世界的关注下，凯特在7月22日下午生了一个男孩儿。
特指某一天的下午，用定冠词the。
10．In order to find a better job, he decided to study ________ second foreign language.答案　a　句意：为了找到一份更好的工作，他决定再学一门外语。
the＋序数词表示“第几”，而a＋序数词表示“再一，又一”，由句意可知应填a。
11．This is ________ most moving scene I have ever seen in my life.答案　the　句意：这是我一生中见过的最感人的场景。
形容词最高级前面需要用定冠词the。
12．There was ________ chair by the window. On ________ chair sat a young woman with a baby in her arms.答案　a; the　句意：窗户旁边有一把椅子。
椅子上坐着一位年轻妇女，怀里抱着一个婴儿。
第一空表泛指，故用不定冠词a；第二空指上文提到的那把椅子，应用定冠词the。
13．All the fellow workers were shocked by the news that Bob was appointed ________ director of the factory.答案　/　句意：所有工友对于鲍勃被升为工厂主任的这一消息感到很震惊。
表职位或官衔的名词作补语时，前面不用任何冠词。
14．Marco Polo is said to have sailed on ________ Pacific Ocean on his way to Java.答案　the　句意：据说马可·波罗去爪哇岛的航行途中经过了太平洋。
在江河、山脉、湖泊、海洋、群岛、海峡、海湾、运河等专有名词前要用定冠词the。
15．In a week or so, I'll be among ________ unemployed, I'm afraid.答案　the　句意：恐怕大约一周以后，我也会失业。
the unemployed意为“失业者”。
“the＋形容词”表示一类人。
16．Tom is ________ taller of the two boys.答案　the　当用于比较级前表示“两者中较……的”时，应用定冠词the。
17．I fell in love with the city ________ first time I came here.答案　the　句意：我第一次来这里的时候就爱上了这座城市。
序数词或形容词最高级前应用定冠词the。
18．The man caught the thief by ________ arm.答案　the　句意：那人抓住了小偷的胳膊。
“动词＋sb.＋介词＋the＋身体部位”为固定结构，故应填the。
19．He was born in ________ 1990s when his mother worked in a factory.答案　the　句意：他出生于二十世纪九十年代，那时他的母亲在一家工厂工作。
在表示世纪、年代的词前应用定冠词the。
20．Mary can play ________ violin well, but she can't play ________ piano.答案　the; the　句意：玛丽小提琴能拉得好，但她不会弹钢琴。
表示乐器的名词与play连用时，名词前应用定冠词the。
21．Our library is in ________ center of our school.答案　the　句意：我们的图书馆在校园的中心位置。
在表示方位、位置的名词前用定冠词the。
22．________ poor are against the plan, but ________ rich are for it.答案　The; the　句意：穷人反对这个计划，而富人们赞成。
“the＋形容词”表示一类人或物。
23．When the phone rang, ________ Whites were watching TV.答案　the　句意：当电话铃响的时候，怀特一家人/夫妇正在看电视。
定冠词the用在姓氏的复数形式前，表示一家人或夫妇俩。
24．This morning I had ________ big breakfast, so I'm not having anything for lunch.答案　a　三餐名词前面不用冠词，但是如果在三餐名词前面加上了适当的描述性修饰词语，则前面需要加冠词。
25．You'd better go abroad by ________ plane so as to get there earlier.答案　/　表示交通工具的名词与by连用时，名词前不用冠词。
26．We have no classes on ________ Sunday, so we often go to play ________ football.答案　/; /　句意：我们星期日不上课，因此我们经常去踢足球。
在表示星期、球类、三餐、学科、语言、季节等词前通常不用冠词。
27．They are paid by ________ month.答案　the　句意：他们按月计酬。
定冠词the用于表示时间或度量单位的名词前，表示“每一”。
如：by the hour/week/month/year/ dozen/kilo等。
28．He couldn't remember when he first listened to Tom's speech, but he was sure it was ________ Monday because everybody was at work.答案　a　句意：他不记得第一次听汤姆的演讲是在什么时候了，只能确定是在某个星期一，因为大家都在上班。
某一个星期几表泛指，其前加不定冠词a。
29．________ harder you work, ________ greater progress you will make.答案　The; the　句意：你越努力，取得的进步就会越大。
“the＋比较级……，the＋比较级……”意为“越……就越……”。
30．________ moon travels around ________ earth.答案　The; the　句意：月亮围着地球转。
表示世界上独一无二的事物前用定冠词the。
二、改正下列句子中的错误(每句只有1处错误)。
1．I grew up on a farm in Idaho, but I did not want to become farmer._____________________答案　become后加a　farmer为可数名词。
可数名词的单数形式前必须要有冠词、指示代词或形容词性物主代词来修饰。
根据句意，此处是指“我不想成为一名农民”，表示泛指，故用不定冠词a。
2．All the students in our class made a progress by studying harder this term._____________________答案　去掉a　progress为不可数名词，前面不用冠词。
make progress意为“取得进步”。
3．It is not rare in 1990s that people in their fifties are going to university for further education.________________________答案　1990s前加the　在表示世纪、年代的词前要加定冠词the。
4．The building was set up in a September of 1990._______________________答案　a→the　此处特指1990年的9月，故应用定冠词the。
5．The sports meeting was great success.____________________________答案　great前加a　当success表示“成功的人或事”时，经常与不定冠词连用。
6．She was waiting for him for a hour in the rain._____________________________答案　a→an　hour的始发音为元音音素，故用an。
7．In my opinion, you'd better go to the restaurant where you had a lunch and look for your lost wallet.__________________________答案　去掉a　表示三餐的名词前一般不用冠词。
8．This is a most interesting film that I have ever seen.__________________________答案　a→the　“the＋most＋多音节形容词(＋名词)”为多音节形容词的最高级形式，表示“最……”。
而“a most＋形容词＋名词”或“most＋形容词”结构中，most不表示最高级含义，为“很，非常”的意思。
9．I had wonderful supper yesterday._____________________答案　had后加a　当表示三餐的名词前有修饰语时，前面需要加冠词。
10．Apple is sold by the weight and coal is sold by the ton._________________________答案　去掉第一个the　the常用于表时间或度量单位的名词前，如：by the hour/day/week/month/year/dozen/yard/ton/kilo，但是size/weight/time这类名词跟by连用时不加冠词。
11．After dinner he gave Mr. Richardson the ride to the airport._________________________答案　第一个the→a　give sb. a ride为固定搭配，意为“载某人一程，让某人搭便车”。
12．One way to understand thousands of words is to gain the good knowledge of basic word formation.__________________________答案　the→a　gain/have a good knowledge of...为固定搭配，意为“精通……”。
13．The classroom is on fourth floor.__________________________答案　fourth前加the　序数词前加定冠词the表示“第几”。
14．He is an only one who has worked out the problem.__________________________答案　an→the　the only修饰名词或代词意为“唯一的……”。
15．After years of hard work, he has turned a skilled worker.__________________________答案　去掉a或turned→become　turn worker＝become a worker，意为“成为一名工人”。