古代木雕窗花(古代门窗雕花)

本期编辑/上海雅舍辛乙堂Yashe Studio———————————门窗对于古人不仅有分隔空间、装饰、通风采光的用途，更是承载着丰富的文化底蕴。
明清时期中国的社会经济、文化得到了迅速发展，这使得手工艺也高度发达，造就了令人赞叹的门窗文化。
Doors and windows are not only used to separate space, decoration, ventilation and lighting for the ancients, but also carry rich cultural heritage. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, China's social economy and culture developed rapidly, which made handicrafts highly developed and created an amazing door and window culture.古代门窗的图形横竖纹：一般由相同粗细的棱条排列而成，简洁大方疏密有致，显著出一种疏朗而优雅的美，常见的有：井字纹、方格纹、冰裂纹等。
Horizontal and vertical lines: generally, they are arranged by ribs of the same thickness. They are simple, generous and dense, showing a clear and elegant beauty. The common ones are: zigzag pattern, square pattern, ice crack, etc.几何纹：是由相同规格的图案，拼接成几何图的四方连续图形，常见的有：人字纹、龟背纹、万字纹、金钱纹、柿蒂纹等。
Geometric pattern: it is a square continuous pattern composed of patterns of the same specification and spliced into a geometric figure. The common patterns are herringbone pattern, turtle back pattern, Wanzi pattern, money pattern, persimmon stem pattern, etc.Crutch pattern: it is a kind of crutch pattern made of lattice wood strips. It looks both hard and soft. The corners of the crutch pattern have a right angle shape and an arc shape.拐子纹：是用棂木条拼接成拐子纹样，看起来既硬朗又柔和，拐子纹的转角有直角形也有圆弧形。
古代门窗结构与工艺古代门窗各个部件的作用不一而同，但都各有所重。
格心是古代门窗最重要的部分，面积最大，设有棂格、网格或花格，方便透光和装饰；裙板位处隔扇的下部，不通透，工整细致，可防风挡雨；抹头是古代门窗不可缺少的横向构件，可防止开榫或变形；绦环板，宋代又称腰华板，可作彩画或雕饰，是门窗的又一装饰重点。
The functions of various components of ancient doors and windows were different, but they were different. The lattice center is the most important part of ancient doors and windows, with the largest area.It is equipped with lattice, grid or lattice to facilitate light transmission and decoration; The skirt is located at the lower part of the partition, which is impermeable, neat and meticulous, and can prevent wind and rain.Trowel is an indispensable cross member of ancient doors and windows, which can prevent tenon or deformation; Tapering plate, also known as Yaohua plate in the Song Dynasty, can be used for color painting or carving. It is another decorative focus of doors and windows.古代门窗在制作过程中用到的工艺有攒斗、攒插、雕镂等。
攒斗：明清家具工艺术语。
“攒”指把纵横的短材用卯榫按合成纹样，“斗”指锼镂的小料簇合构成花纹，攒与斗有时结合使用，故将这种装饰加工的手法简称为“攒斗”。
常见采用攒斗工艺的如架格的栏杆，各种围子，中牌子等。
The techniques used in the production of ancient doors and windows include zandou, zanpin and carving. Zandou: a technical term of furniture in Ming and Qing Dynasties. "Zan" refers to the combination of vertical and horizontal short materials with mortise and tenon, and "dou" refers to the clustering of small materials to form a pattern.Zan and Dou are sometimes used together, so this decorative processing technique is referred to as "Zan Dou". It is common to use the bucket technology, such as grilled railings, various fences, and medium brands.攒插：攒插与攒斗工艺相同之处也是以小攒大，所不同的是它的榫卯结构不完全是在木件的尽头，它在有的部件中部凿出榫眼，与另外部件榫眼相接，而攒斗是没有榫眼的。
Zan insertion: Zan insertion is similar to Zan Dou in that it is small and large. The difference is that its tenon and mortise structure is not completely at the end of the wooden part. It chisels mortise holes in the middle of some parts and connects with the mortise holes of other parts, while Zan Dou has no mortise holes.攒插工艺的单体一般比攒斗要长一些，尺寸不一，因而形式复杂多变，图案构成也更加多样，攒插工艺看似复杂，但施工时相对容易克服攒斗工艺的两个难点，在整体拼合时易于不断修正。
The single body of the accumulation and insertion process is generally longer than that of the accumulation bucket, with different sizes, so the form is complex and changeable, and the pattern composition is more diverse. The accumulation and insertion process seems complex, but it is relatively easy to overcome the two difficulties of the accumulation bucket process during construction, and it is easy to constantly correct during the overall assembly.攒插的咬合部位比攒斗灵活，而且相互有所制约，所以攒插格心的牢固性大大优于攒斗方式。
攒插工艺的灵活性也使其图案设计随心所欲，冰裂纹这样不规则的图案就是攒插工艺的典型代表。
The occlusal position of Zan insertion is more flexible than that of Zan Dou, and there are mutual constraints. Therefore, the firmness of Zan insertion grid is much better than that of Zan Dou. The flexibility of the assembling and inserting process also makes its pattern design arbitrary. Irregular patterns such as ice cracks are typical representatives of the assembling and inserting process.雕镂：雕镂工艺以整材为基础，以减法施工。
首先是由锯锼空不需之处，露出空间，再雕凿，将事先设计图案逐步完成。
雕镂工艺的长处是自由表现纹饰和图案，尤其是传统文化中的人物故事，以及动物、植物、建筑、器物等等，均可任意表现，因而它大大富了门窗的文化内涵。
Carving: the carving process is based on the whole material and constructed by subtraction. The first step is to cut out the unnecessary space by sawing, and then carve out the space to gradually complete the pre designed pattern. The advantage of the carving process is that it can freely express the patterns and patterns, especially the characters and stories in the traditional culture, as well as the animals, plants, buildings, utensils and so on. Therefore, it greatly enriches the cultural connotation of doors and windows.中国古代门窗如此美轮美奂，源于工艺传承，更源于工匠精神。
工匠精神就是手工艺人对自己从事的工作的专注与热情，他们制作时带有责任，不断完善精益求精，不浮躁不将就，直至一件精美的作品诞生。
The beauty of the doors and windows in ancient China stems not only from the inheritance of craftsmanship, but also from the spirit of craftsmen. Artisan spirit refers to the concentration and enthusiasm of artisans for their work. They are responsible for making, constantly improving and improving, and not being impetuous, until a beautiful work is born.木雕的门窗，也许一扇花窗就花掉了木雕师一个月或者更长时间去完成，但是这被时间以及情感沁润的门窗，带给人温暖的情怀，给乏味的生活带来了丝丝情调。
木雕师花心思，费时间的，精心为我们打造着一个玲珑别致的家，我们更要精心打造自己想要的生活。
Wood carved doors and windows may take a wood carver a month or more to complete a flower window, but these doors and windows, which are soaked by time and emotion, bring warm feelings to people and bring a touch of emotion to the boring life. Wood carvers spend time and effort to build a exquisite and unique home for us, and we need to carefully build the life we want.